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　　相信很多備考托福的同學們對于小作文的基本答題要求和規范都已經了解了，那么今天我們抓取一個小作文的重要環節提升大家的綜合能力——摘要寫作。這個能力之所以會出現在托福中考察，乃至與留學生未來的學習任務有密切聯系：大學課堂是否能聽懂并自己總結歸納;讀完教授布置的閱讀材料后能夠在課堂上說出大意;乃至最后的學術論文寫作，這一切都會用到這個基本能力。

　　托福綜合寫作中對于閱讀和聽力材料的歸納匯總，包含幾個基本要素：

　　1)內容出處：Listening還是Reading (聽力中的教授the professor還是閱讀的寫作者the author)

　　2)動詞：argue, suggest, point out, indicate, etc. (若內容出處中使用了according to等結構，那么轉述動詞就不必出現了)

　　3)具體內容：聽力/閱讀中的具體觀點的paraphrase/ summary.

　　4) 我們會在縮寫過程中中使用到一些語法結構：如名詞性從句賓語從句：The lecturer claims that it is possible to maintain human survival on Venus.主語從句：What the professor challenges is the authenticity of the painting.表語從句：The main argument provided by the lecturer is that this solution is practical.

　　接下來我們以TPO42的閱讀為例，進行練習原文：

　　Glass is a favored building material for modern architecture, yet it is also very dangerous for wild birds. Because they often cannot distinguish between glass and open air, millions of birds are harmed every year when they try to fly through glass windows There are, however, several solutions that responsible businesses can use to prevent injuries to birds.

　　歸納匯總：The reading provides several solutions to help wild birds identify glass from the open air.

　　原文：One-Way Glass One solution is to replace the regular, clear glass with one-way glass that is transparent in only one direction. The occupants of the building can see out, but birds and others cannot see in. If birds cannot see through a window, they will understand that the glass forms a solid barrier and will not try to fly through it.

　　歸納匯總：According to the reading, one-way glass, which is only transparent from the inside, can make birds interpret the building as a concrete barrier.

　　原文：Colorful DesignsA second solution is to paint colorful lines or other designs on regular window glass. For example, a window could have a design of thin stripes painted over the glass. People would still be able to see through the openings in the design where there is no paint, while birds would see the stripes and thus avoid trying to fly through the glass Architects can be encouraged to include colorful painted patterns on glass as part of the general design of buildings.

　　歸納匯總：It is suggested in the reading that people could add colorful patterns such as stripes over the regular glass to signify warnings.

　　原文：Magnetic FieldThe third solution is to create an artificial magnetic held to guide birds away from buildings. Humans use an instrument called a magnetic compass to determine directions-either north, south, east, or west. Bird research has shown that birds have a natural ability to sense Earth’s magnetic fields; this ability works just like a compass, and it helps birds navigate in the right direction when they fly. A building in a bird flight path can be equipped with powerful electromagnets that emit magnetic signals that steer birds in a direction away from the building.

　　歸納匯總：Another solution mentioned in the reading is to form an artificial magnetic field, which can navigate birds in the correct direction away from the building.

文章標簽：托福考試